This manuscript presents a comprehensive study on the integration of Safety Analyses with Technical Safety Requirements (TSRs) to enhance functional safety in complex automotive systems and off-highway applications. It emphasizes the importance of systematically identifying potential hazards and translating them into precise, actionable TSRs that guide the design, implementation, and validation of safety-critical systems. By aligning safety analysis techniques—such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)—with ISO 26262, the study demonstrates how safety goals can be effectively transformed into technical specifications that ensure robust system behavior under fault conditions.Part 1 outlines the use of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to identify potential failure modes and single point faults across system, subsystems, and components. FMEA assesses the severity, likelihood, and detectability of these failures, guiding the development of relevant test cases. The risks uncovered through FMEA serve as a basis for updating the TSRs by implementing safety measures such as redundancy, fail-safe mechanisms, and diagnostic systems to mitigate identified hazards.Part 2 explores the role of Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) in identifying multiple-point failures in a system by performing a deductive (top down) analysis. The insights from FTA further refine TSRs, ensuring that the safety requirements address both simple and complex fault scenarios in the system.Part 3 introduces Dependent Failure Analysis (DFA) to detect interdependent failures and failure propagation paths, focusing on risks from common cause and common point failures. The results of DFA assist in developing more resilient systems by adding redundant paths to prevent or mitigate such dependent failures.Part 4 focuses on safety analysis in production phase, ensuring that Production related Safety requirements are identified in TSC and met during the manufacturing phase, emphasizing traceability, compliance, and verification.Finally, Part 5 presents a case study demonstrating how the integration of Safety Analyses with the ISO 26262 standard results in well-defined TSRs that support system design, testing, and validation, thereby ensuring the product’s safety.
Sowrirajan et al. (Thu,) studied this question.