What type of study is this?

This is a Cross-Sectional Study study.

Serum vitamin C levels in users of electronic cigarettes, cigarette smokers and nonsmokers

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Cross-sectional analysis reveals electronic cigarette users have similar vitamin C levels to smokers, highlighting oxidative stress concerns.

This study aims to assess blood vitamin C levels in users of electronic cigarettes, cigarette smokers, and nonsmokers.
Cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018
Defined smoking status using survey questions on smoking and vaping
Measured vitamin C levels as adequate (≥50 μmol/L) or inadequate (<50 μmol/L)
Conducted statistical analyses using R with NHANES examination weights
Vitamin C levels were higher in nonsmokers (55.03 μmol/L) than in cigarette smokers (39.02 μmol/L) and e-cigarette users (37.01 μmol/L)
65% of current smokers and 66% of e-cigarette users had inadequate vitamin C levels compared to 43% of nonsmokers
Blood vitamin C levels were similar in e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers, lower than in nonsmokers

Lin et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Cross-sectional analysis reveals electronic cigarette users have similar vitamin C levels to smokers, highlighting oxidative stress concerns.