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This approach demonstrates enhanced beam steering in two-dimensional space using adaptive antenna arrays and PIN diodes.
A compact two‐dimensional beamforming system for sub‐6 GHz applications is presented, combining a Butler matrix with a four‐element reconfigurable antenna array. Each antenna element consists of a rectangular patch and two metallic strips reconfigured by PIN diodes. The patch radiates in the broadside direction, while the reconfigurable strips help to steer the beam in two additional directions. When the PIN diode is ON, the strip acts as a reflector; when OFF, it behaves as a director, enabling dynamic beam control. The system generates 12 distinct beams by varying the diode states and input ports of the Butler matrix. It achieves a wide beam tilt range from −60° to +66° and a peak realized gain of 9.79 dBi. The proposed design offers a compact, low‐profile solution for enhanced beam steering, suitable for next‐generation wireless systems requiring high directionality and adaptability.
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Dutta et al. (2025) studied this question.
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