Industrial Application of Natural Organic Lake Pigments Derived from Plant Sources for Single-Bath Cotton Dyeing

Natural dyes are recognized for their ecological and health benefits, including non-toxicity, renewability, low environmental impact, and antimicrobial properties. However, industrial adoption remains limited due to lower light fastness, shade inconsistency, and complex multi-step dyeing processes. This study addresses these barriers by formulating standardized natural organic lake pigments and applying them in a single-bath cotton dyeing process. Pigments synthesized from Datisca cannabina, Quercus ithaburensis, and Punica granatum were standardized in terms of pH, particle size, and metal-to-ligand ratio to ensure reproducibility. Analytical characterization using SEM-EDX, HPLC-DAD, and FTIR elucidated surface morphology, dye fiber interactions, and bonding mechanisms. SEM-EDX confirmed uniform aluminum distribution on cotton fibers, while FTIR indicated coordination between metal ions and cellulose – flavonoid groups. HPLC-DAD verified the preservation of major chromophores. Colorimetric analysis revealed low color variation among replicates, demonstrating high reproducibility. Fastness grades of 4–5 for washing and rubbing and 4 for light were achieved, with shorter process time and improved wash durability compared with conventional reactive dyeing. Environmental assessment indicated reduced water and energy consumption, aligning with GOTS and NODS criteria, although evaluated through parameter benchmarking rather than formal certification.