Combination therapy improves outcomes in biliary tract cancer, highlighting resistance and biomarker issues.
The integration of immunotherapy with chemotherapy has established itself as a new standard treatment, while innovative approaches including dual immunotherapy, pairing ICIs with targeted therapies and combining ICIs with locoregional therapies have shown encouraging synergy. Nonetheless, issues like primary and secondary resistance, the immunosuppressive TME of BTC, and the lack of reliable biomarkers of response remain major challenges.
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Rizzo et al. (2025) studied this question.
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