What type of study is this?

This is a Meta-Analysis study (also classified as: Systematic Review).

What question did this study set out to answer?

This meta-analysis examines the relationship between e-cig use and biomarkers of inflammation and cancer risk.

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Meta-analysis shows e-cigarette use alters biomarkers related to inflammation and cancer risk in adults, indicating health concerns.

This meta-analysis examines the relationship between e-cig use and biomarkers of inflammation and cancer risk.
Systematic review of 16 studies involving 24,079 adults from multiple databases
Analyzed biomarkers from urine, saliva, and plasma
Utilized one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests for analysis
Assessed evidence certainty and risk of bias using the GRADE framework.
27.2% of participants were smokers, 2.7% e-cig users, and 66.0% non-smokers
E-cig users had higher salivary cotinine levels compared to non-smokers (p = 0.033)
Elevated inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α were found in e-cig users compared to non-smokers
Carcinogenic biomarkers in e-cig users were present at lower levels than in smokers
GRADE assessment indicated low to high certainty with moderate bias.

Abdulrahman et al. (2025) studied this question.

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