Analysis reveals existence and Ulam–Hyers stability in pantograph equations using Banach fixed point theorem, suggesting potential applications.
This paper establishes the existence and uniqueness (EU) of solutions for a class of pantograph fractional integro‐stochastic differential equations (PFISDEs) via the Banach fixed point theorem (BFPT). Furthermore, the Ulam–Hyers stability (UHS) is analyzed using Gronwall's inequality. The applicability of the theoretical findings is demonstrated through two illustrative examples.
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Fakhfakh et al. (2025) studied this question.
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