How Exercise Affects Exerkines in Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition characterized by central obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidemia and hypertension which predispose individuals toward diabetes and cardiovascular disorder. The aim of this review is to investigate some selected novel adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines whose secretion is affected by exercise and improves metabolic syndrome. According to epidemiological studies, the incidence of metabolic syndrome is expected to increase every year, which predisposes health organizations with big challenges. Regular exercise stands as a preventive tool for metabolic syndrome, not only by improving blood circulation, but also through alterations in exerkines. The proteins are secreted by adipose tissue (adipokines), skeletal muscles (myokines), liver (hepatokines) or other tissues during exercise. Interestingly, adipo-myo-hepatokines are categorized into inflammatory and anti-inflammatory peptides, and exercise either reduces or elevates them. The beneficial effects of exercise for various physiological systems, and more importantly prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, still have remained mysterious. According to the literature, some of the anti-inflammatory exerkines cooperate in the metabolic homeostasis of organisms by increasing blood flow, muscle mass, and glucose utilization and improving insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation.