RETRACTION: Ecological and Toxicological Impacts of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Freshwater Clam Caelatura nilotica and Recovering Role of Dimercaptosuccinic Acid, Gizay Village, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

RETRACTION : S. K. Sheir, A. H. Mohamed, G. Y. Osman, A. R. AbdElhafez, and H. H. Abdel‐Azeem, “Ecological and Toxicological Impacts of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Freshwater Clam Caelatura nilotica and Recovering Role of Dimercaptosuccinic Acid, Gizay Village, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt,” Ecohydrology 18, no. 4 (2025): e70058. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.70058 . The above article, published online on 04 June 2025 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ), has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editor‐in‐Chief Professor Keith Smettem; and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. A third party reported that images of comet assays in Figure 1 showed evidence of manipulation. An investigation by the publisher found evidence of image manipulation in Figure 1. The authors responded to an inquiry by the publisher and supplied what were labeled as raw data images. The authors stated that evidence of duplication could be attributed to biological responses and technical factors such as similarity among cells in the same tissue type. However, the authors' response did not satisfactorily answer the concerns of image duplications in Figure 1. Following further review, additional concerns were raised regarding discrepancies in the experimental procedures and the results shown in Figure 1. The retraction has been agreed to because the evidence of image manipulation and further concerns regarding the experimental procedures fundamentally compromises the editors' confidence in the results presented. The authors were informed of the retraction.