A Literature Review on the Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Bone Metabolism

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of different types of exercise on bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly individuals. Additionally, we sought to comprehensively analyze the physiological mechanisms underlying the prevention and management of osteoporosis through exercise.METHODS: This review included previous publications found in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases.RESULTS: Aerobic exercise was found to stimulate osteoblast activity and enhance bone formation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suppressing sclerostin expression, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promoting vitamin D metabolism. In contrast, resistance exercise increased the expression of genes associated with osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by applying a mechanical load to the bone, while simultaneously inhibiting osteoclast-related markers, thereby reducing bone resorption. Moderate-intensity exercise showed the most significant improvements in bone metabolism across both types of exercise.CONCLUSIONS: Both aerobic and resistance exercises are effective non-pharmacological interventions for maintaining bone health and preventing osteoporosis in elderly individuals. Combined exercise, incorporating both types of exercise, appears to be more effective in optimizing the balance between bone formation and resorption, leading to improved BMD. In conclusion, aerobic and resistance exercises serve as beneficial nonpharmacological strategies for enhancing bone microarchitecture, maintaining BMD, and improving bone metabolism, thereby contributing positively to bone health in the elderly population.