Evidence-based recommendations for periodontal treatment

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth and is highly prevalent worldwide. Its association with systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes underscores the importance of prevention and long-term management. This review outlines a comprehensive, evidence-based approach to periodontal therapy, emphasizing a stepwise clinical protocol. Treatment begins with oral hygiene instruction, followed by non-surgical periodontal therapy and re-evaluation. If necessary, surgical interventions—including resective and regenerative osseous procedures—are performed. Regenerative therapy encompasses techniques such as guided tissue regeneration, bone grafting, and the use of growth factors, aiming to restore periodontal attachment structures. Postoperative care includes personalized supportive periodontal therapy guided by Periodontal Risk Assessment (PRA), allowing for individualized recall intervals based on patient risk profiles. By synthesizing current knowledge and treatment principles, this review aims to provide practical clinical guidance for the effective management of periodontitis.