This article demonstrates enhanced therapeutic application in neurodevelopment and pathophysiology using organ-on-chip systems, suggesting improved standardization is necessary.
Compared to prior reviews, this article uniquely integrates developmental and degenerative perspectives while evaluating emerging strategies that increase reproducibility and translational accuracy. Persistent limitations, including incomplete vascularization, cellular stress responses, and batch-to-batch variability, underscore the need for improved standardization and incorporation of immune components. Future directions that merge vascular, immune, and circuit-level complexity promise to advance organoid-based neuroscience toward personalized modeling and therapeutic application.
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Saha et al. (2025) studied this question.
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