This article highlights how shame influences mental health and social interactions, suggesting systemic interventions in education and policy may help heal and build accountability.
Summary Shame is a pervasive, multidimensional emotion influencing brain, body and social life. While shame can foster accountability, its toxic forms drive stigma, withdrawal and mental illness. We call for systemic, culturally sensitive interventions to transform phatological shame into healing, fostering empathy, accountability and psychological safety in care, education and policy.
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Hernando Santamaría‐García (2025) studied this question.
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