Unintended consequences of localization agenda: insights from Rohingya humanitarian response in Bangladesh

Purpose This article aims to investigate the key factors contributing to the unintended consequences of humanitarian localization in the Rohingya humanitarian response in Bangladesh. It addresses the central research question: What factors contribute to the unintended consequences of localization and undermine its genuine implementation in the Rohingya humanitarian response? Design/methodology/approach Grounded in the theoretical aspirations of developmentality and informed by typologies of unintended outcomes, this study unpacks the power dynamics embedded within localization practices. Using reflexive thematic analysis of 20 semi-structured interviews with representatives of local and international humanitarian organizations, it identifies four inductively derived core themes, reflecting the factors shaping both the processes and outcomes of the localization on the ground. Findings The study highlights four interrelated factors driving unintended consequences of localization, undermining its actual implementation in achieving intended outcomes: (1) marginalization of local actors in decision-making processes, (2) operational inefficiencies due to top-down program structures, (3) persistent financial dependency and lack of sustainability and (4) donor-driven patron–client relationships. Originality/value While localization is a central tenet of contemporary humanitarian discourse, its practical implementation – particularly its unintended consequences – remains underexplored in the context of the protracted Rohingya crisis in Bangladesh. This study contributes original insights by identifying the key factors driving both foreseeable and unforeseeable unintended outcomes. By critically interrogating the externally led localization practices, it elucidates how these unanticipated consequences undermine the effectiveness of genuinely locally led models in achieving intended outcomes in humanitarian action.