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December 3, 2025Journal of Clinical MedicineOpen Access

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Authors

APAfroditi PeltekidiMTMaria Tzitiridou‐ChatzopoulouVGVasiliki Georgakopoulou

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Overview

Systematic review reports no significant link between maternal smoking during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder, suggesting further research needed on environmental factors.

Key Points

  • No significant association found between maternal smoking during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder risk in offspring.
  • Pooled relative risk was 1.01 with 95% confidence intervals, indicating a lack of effect.
  • Analysis included 21 observational studies with several million mother–child pairs, ensuring robust findings.
  • Findings highlight the importance of smoking cessation due to known adverse fetal effects.

Cite This Study

Peltekidi et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/694025972d562116f28fea44https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238584
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Also Consider

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  1. 1Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies2026
  2. 2Multigenerational Association Between Smoking and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Findings from a Nation-Wide Prospective Cohort Study2024 · 1 citations
  3. 3Risk of Children Born with Autism Spectrum Disorders Reviewed from Prenatal Factors2024
  4. 4The Impact of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Depressive and Anxiety Behaviors in Offspring: A Meta‐analysis2025 · 4 citations
  5. 5Prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis2026