Magnesium and Zinc Co‐Functionalized Nano‐Structured Titania Surfaces Over Titanium Implants for Enhanced In Vitro and In Vivo Performance

The current study presents the development of a biomimetic multifunctional nano‐titania interface over Ti metal with co‐functionalization of Magnesium (Mg) and Zinc (Zn) ions by a simple chemical treatment approach for improved surface and biological performance. The incorporation of Mg–Zn‐enriched surfaces is evaluated by EDX, XPS, and HR‐TEM, while the exhibited roughness, hydrophilicity, and phase are assessed by AFM, water contact angle and Raman spectroscopy. The modified surface with Mg–Zn incorporation has exhibited notable antibacterial activity toward gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram‐negative Escherichia coli , as observed by the direct contact method and the live‐dead assay. The in vitro studies using MG‐63 cells substantiated the cell adhesion, viability, mitochondrial potential, genotoxic stress, and extracellular mineralization as assessed by cytoskeletal evaluation, live‐dead assay, JC1 assay, comet assay, and ARS staining. In vivo rat model studies using 3D printed porous Ti implant with surface functionalization revealed new bone formation and bone‐to‐implant contact with improved osteogenesis, evidenced by X‐ray images, micro CT, and RT‐PCR. Altogether, these findings highlight the scalable potential of Mg–Zn functionalized nanotitania network to improve the overall performance of 3D‐printed Ti implants for biomedical applications.