Managerial strategies for the sustainable provision of hydrological services offered by a dry páramo, integrating the paired-catchment approach and the DPSIR framework

Páramos are strategic ecosystems increasingly impacted by human activities, compromising hydrological services such as water regulation and supply. The paired-catchments approach and the Drivers–Pressures–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework were used to identify strategies for sustaining these services in a dry páramo. A 12% land-use change from páramo vegetation to anthropic uses resulted in reduced water regulation index, excess flows, and increased nitrate concentrations. The alteration of these indicators evidenced a compromise in water security (water for people, ecosystems, and productive activities; increased water-related threats such as floods, droughts, and pollution). To sustain water regulation, key strategies include minimizing mechanical ploughing and replacing fuelwood. For water supply in quantity, improving irrigation systems and utilizing alternative sources is advised. For water quality, changing fertilization practices, installing individual sanitation systems, riparian buffers, and livestock water troughs are recommended. Long-term support, transdisciplinary collaboration, and consideration of trade-offs are essential for successful implementation.