Elevated atrial blood stasis in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm: a patient-specific computational fluid dynamics study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Workflow figure describing image processing, mesh creation and flow simulation.

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  Figure 2. Residence time in the left atrium of AF patients and controls: volume renderings, each shown in two orthogonal views of 3 participants from the control (A) and AF groups (B). An animated version of this visualization can be found in the Supplementary Video. (C) Boxplot comparing the residence time after 6 cardiac cycles between controls and AF participants in the LA including the LAA, LA without the LAA and the LAA. Dots indicate actual data distribution. Star indicates significant difference with p < 0.001. The boxes indicated the 25th and 75th percentile and the central line indicates the median. The whiskers indicate the most extreme data point not considered an outlier. Inter-group comparisons were made using a two-sample t-test. AF, atrial fibrillation; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage; MV, mitral valve; PV, pulmonary veins; RT, residence time.

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  Figure 3. Linear regression analysis of the LA residence time: the residence time was evaluated in the LA plus LA. Solid line indicates fit from linear regression. Dashed lines indicate 95% confidence interval of linear regression. Grey background indicates significant correlation with p < 0.05. EF, ejection fraction; indexed: indexed by body surface area; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage; LV, left ventricle, SV, stroke volume.