Review demonstrates collective charge-density wave transport driven by electric fields in anisotropic materials, highlighting sliding condensate dynamics beyond single-particle conduction models.
In many materials with a highly anisotropic band structure, electron-phonon interactions lead to a novel type of ground state called the charge-density wave. The condensate is pinned to the underlying lattice by impurities and by boundary effects, but can, even for small electric fields, carry current in a fashion originally envisioned by Fr\"ohlich. This review discusses some of the underlying theories and the main experimental observations on this new collective transport phenomenon. The frequency- and electric-field-dependent conductivity, current oscillations, electric-field-dependent transport coefficients and elastic properties, together with nuclear-magnetic-resonance experiments, provide clear evidence for a translational motion of the condensate. Various theories, involving classical and quantum-mechanical concepts, are able to account for a broad variety of experimental findings, which were also made in the presence of combined dc and ac fields.
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G. Grüner (1988) studied this question.
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