Perspective—Surface-display Techniques in Electrochemical Biosensor Designs for Health Monitoring

Enzymatic and microbial electrochemical biosensors integrate enzymes and microorganisms as biological recognition elements into the sensor design and functionality. Enzyme-based sensors offer high sensitivity and selectivity for target analyte detection. However, these have limited stability necessary for continuous analyte monitoring. Contrarily, microbe-based electrochemical sensors provide a means for continuous analyte sensing but are associated with challenges related to analyte selectivity in complex samples. To address these limitations, surface-display methods, which bind enzymes to microbial surfaces, enhance biosensor selectivity and sensitivity. This perspective outlines the application of surface-display techniques, offering a promising avenue for health monitoring.