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This work uncovers how surface waves drive particle dynamics in fluids, suggesting implications for acoustic mixing technology.
Surface waves and their structure are critical for resonant acoustic mixing applications. However, no previous work has identified how wavenumber, oscillation frequency, and dispersion characteristics affect particle dynamics below the surface. This work modifies the Womersley solution to the Navier–Stokes equation to connect the surface behavior to the momentum transfer between the bulk fluid and particles. The pressure originates from the time-varying surface curvature and is proposed to be the driving force on the particles. This scenario creates a relationship between the surface wavenumber and dispersion to particle dynamics below the surface. Scaling considerations and model limitations are briefly discussed.
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Silverstein et al. (2026) studied this question.
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