Accurate immobilization is critical in head and neck (H p < 0.001). FEA simulations revealed markedly reduced displacement in ABS masks (1–5 mm at 2 mm thickness; <1 mm at 4 mm thickness) relative to commercial masks, which exceeded 20 mm under lateral load. Hybrid configurations with reinforced edges further optimized rigidity while limiting material usage. Customized ABS-based immobilization masks outperform conventional thermoplastics in mechanical stability and displacement control, with the potential to reduce planning margins and improve patient comfort. In addition, ABS-based masks can be recycled, and Bi2O3-filled composites can be reused for printing new immobilization masks, thus contributing to a reduced amount of plastic waste. These findings support their promise as next-generation immobilization devices for precision radiotherapy, warranting further clinical validation, workflow integration and sustainable implementation within a circular economy.
Adlienė et al. (2026) studied this question.