Biogenic Synthesis of Silver and Iron Nanoparticles Derived From Grewia Optiva Leaf Extract: A Novel Approach for Antidiabetic, Anticoagulant and Anti‐Inflammatory Therapies

This study presents the green synthesis of silver (Ag‐NPs) and iron nanoparticles (Fe‐NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Grewia optiva as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The extract was prepared using a Kjeldahl apparatus under controlled heating. Nanoparticle synthesis was optimized by varying pH, temperature, and salt concentration, and the products were characterized by Ultraviolet‐visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The biosynthesized nanoparticles were crystalline, stable, and predominantly sized between 10 and 30 nm. Biological evaluations demonstrated that both Ag‐NPs and Fe‐NPs exhibited significant antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticoagulant effects, with Ag‐NPs showing slightly higher activity. These results highlight G. optiva as a sustainable source for developing therapeutic nanoparticles with biomedical potential.