Retrospective analysis of bioaerosols and air contaminants in commercial aircraft cabins

Abstract Passenger air transport is a significant vector for the global dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) in aircraft cabins is critical for ensuring a safe environment for passengers and crew. This study retrospectively assessed IAQ in commercial aircraft operating at Maceió International Airport, focusing on the microbiological characterization of cabin air through quantifying and identifying airborne bacteria and fungi. Air samples were collected while aircraft were grounded, specifically from the cockpit and the central cabin aisle. Domestic and international flights were included, and analyses adhered to the Brazilian standard NBR 17037. Bioaerosols were sampled using a portable bioaerosol sampler. Fungi were identified via macroscopic and microscopic traits, while bacteria were identified using genetic markers. A diverse fungal population was detected, predominantly Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxin screening yielded positive results in three fungal isolates. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified, including Acinetobacter spp., Stutzerimonas stutzeri , Pseudomonas oryzihabitans , and Pantoea dispersa . Results suggest that indoor sources predominantly influence bacterial concentrations, whereas outdoor air significantly contributes to airborne fungal presence. Temperature and relative humidity had a greater effect on fungal bioaerosols than bacterial ones, although further investigation is needed to clarify these relationships. This is the first Brazilian study to assess IAQ in commercial aviation, highlighting the need to continuously monitor microbial contamination in aircraft cabins to mitigate potential health risks.