Microbial Diversity in Airport Terminal Environments and Potential Aerosol Transmission Risks.

Objective: To characterize the distribution of bacterial and fungal pathogens in airport terminal environments, compare airborne aerosol sampling methods, identify high-abundance pathogenic species based on the WHO priority pathogens list, and provide a scientific basis for optimizing microbiological monitoring and control measures. Methods: Sampling was conducted in the transit transfer area (A1), domestic arrivals area (A2), and domestic departures area (A3). Airborne aerosols were collected using cyclonic and filtration samplers, and surface samples were collected using sterile swabs. DNA analysis was performed using 2bRAD sequencing for microbiome profiling (2bRAD-M). Microbial community diversity and compositional differences were assessed using α-diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson) and β-diversity metrics. Results: (0.01%-1.24%). The transit transfer area (A1), characterized by poorer ventilation, showed higher microbial richness. Filtration samplers captured more microorganisms per unit volume than cyclonic samplers, with significant differences in detection profiles. Conclusion: Sampling methods, sample types, and environmental conditions influence microbial distribution patterns across terminals. Detection of WHO Critical and High priority pathogens indicates potential risks of aerosol and contact transmission. Enhanced ventilation and disinfection of high-frequency contact surfaces can mitigate public health risks. Graphical Abstract: available in www.besjournal.com.