Numerical simulation reveals improved power conversion efficiency in lead-free perovskite solar cells using various hole transport layers, indicating enhanced performance for sustainable energy.
This study presents a numerical simulation of a lead‐free perovskite solar cell, utilizing the FTO/TiO 2 /FASnI 3 /PTAA/Au architecture, conducted using the SCAPS‐1D simulation tool. The initial calibration of the FASnI 3 absorber thin film, based on available experimental data, achieved an efficiency of 7.14%, aligning well with experimental J – V characteristics. To enhance device performance, key solar cell characteristics, including absorber layer thickness, defect density, and carrier concentration density, were systematically optimized. Additionally, the study explored various substitutes for the traditional PTAA by examining the effects of several hole transport layer (HTL) materials, including SnS, MoTe 2 , MoO x , Spiro‐OMeTAD, and CuSCN. The simulation results indicated that structural and interfacial improvements can significantly boost device efficiency. Notably, among the configurations analyzed, incorporating MoO x as the HTL yielded an impressive power conversion efficiency exceeding 36%, highlighting its potential for high‐performance, environmentally friendly solar applications.
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Boughanbour et al. (2026) studied this question.
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