Participation Factor–Based Uncertainty Handling for CEED Problem in a Sustainable Grid

The presence of renewable energy sources (RES) in a sustainable grid brings natural variability and uncertainty that complicate the reliable and cost‐effective operation of power systems. This study investigates combined emission economic dispatch within a sustainable grid, aiming to lower both operational costs and emissions while effectively addressing uncertainties in RES generation and load demand. A modified IEEE‐39 bus system, incorporating dispatchable conventional power‐generating units, wind power systems, and photovoltaic systems, is used as the testbed. A modified differential evolution algorithm is applied to perform 24‐h scheduling, incorporating virtual operating limits to enhance system flexibility and reserve management. A novel participation factor–based reserve allocation method is introduced, resulting in daily cost savings of 591.90$ under 10% uncertainty in both load and RES. The proposed framework not only achieves a 7.12% reduction in operating costs with RES integration but also advances sustainability by reducing emissions and promoting cleaner energy utilization.