The study proposes a compact, operational framework that integrates the TOSE-4Rs perspective with entropy weighting, exploratory factor analysis, and a cloud model to evaluate multi-hazard disaster resilience of urban metro systems. Unlike prior TOSE or 4Rs applications that are largely qualitative or single-hazard, our approach yields objective, data-driven indicator weights from observed score dispersion, interpretable capability bundles that reduce redundancy, and an uncertainty-aware composite resilience level. Applied to the study system, the framework identifies employee safety training and assessment, rectification resource allocation, and post-event investigation as the most influential levers, while revealing under-attended issues in emergency organizational structure. The composite resilience cloud aligns with the “Good” level. Based on these findings, we outline concise implementation guidance focusing on hardening critical equipment and evacuation design, institutionalizing training-drill-assessment cycles, and reserving budgets for corrective actions. This work links TOSE dimensions to 4Rs capabilities in a quantifiable way, producing ranked priorities and transparent evidence to inform drills, staffing, and investment decisions for smart metro resilience planning.
Hong et al. (Sun,) studied this question.