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February 8, 2026European Heart Journal0 citations

Trends and Breakpoints in Death Rates for Ischemic Heart Disease by Sex (1990-2021)

Sex stratified trends and segmental breakpoints in age standardized death rates for ischemic heart disease: a multi country analysis (1990 to 2021)

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Population

Global population from Global Burden of Disease data, analyzing ischemic heart disease mortality from 1990…

Design

Other

Follow-up

1990 to 2021

Key result

Global IHD death rates fell from 1990-2021 with females declining by 1.56% annually and males by 1.06%; high SDI males dropped from 212.44 to 80.02, females 118.68 to 40.64.

Authors

BEB ElsirajMKM Z J KakakhelSRShree Rath

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Overview

Steeper IHD mortality declines in females and high-SDI regions warrant sustained efforts; leaves open equitable strategies for males and low-SDI populations.

Key Points

  • To analyze sex-stratified trends and breakpoints in age-standardized death rates for ischemic heart disease from 1990 to 2021.
  • Utilized Global Burden of Disease data for IHD mortality analysis.
  • Applied joinpoint regression to identify trends and segmental breakpoints.
  • Calculated Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index regions.
  • Globally, IHD death rates significantly declined from 187.66 (males) and 134.50 (females) in 1990 to 136.84 and 85.32 in 2021, respectively (p < 0.001).
  • Females experienced a greater average annual percentage change in death rates (-1.56%) compared to males (-1.06%) from 1990 to 2021 (p < 0.001).
  • High SDI regions had the most significant declines in mortality rates, while low SDI regions showed minimal improvement with males' rates slightly increasing.

Structured PICO

P
Population
Global population from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data, analyzing ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality from 1990 to 2021, stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions.
O
Outcome
Age-standardized death rates (ASDR) for ischemic heart diseasehard clinical

Global IHD mortality declined significantly from 1990 to 2021, but disparities persist with slower progress in males and low-income regions.

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Cite This Study

Elsiraj et al. (2025) studied this question. Global IHD death rates fell from 1990-2021 with females declining by 1.56% annually and males by 1.06%; high SDI males dropped from 212.44 to 80.02, females 118.68 to 40.64.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6988277b0fc35cd7a88464f4https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf784.2282
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Income based disparities in ischemic heart disease mortality a global analysis of age standardized death rates (1990 to 2021)2025
  2. 2Global Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease-Related Mortality From 2000 to 20192025 · 7 citations
  3. 3Global trends in inflammatory heart disease-related mortality from 2000 to 20212025
  4. 4Global, regional, and national epidemiology of ischemic heart disease among individuals aged 55 and above from 1990 to 2021: a cross-sectional study2025 · 25 citations
  5. 5Sex Disparities in Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in Europe, 2005-2019: Data from GBD and Eurostat2024 · 7 citations