The Robin heat kernel and its expansion via Robin eigenfunctions

We prove the existence and uniqueness of the Robin heat kernel on compact Riemannian manifolds with smooth boundary for Robin parameter α ∈ R α ∈ R , expressed as a spectral expansion in terms of Robin eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. For the non-negative parameter regime ( α ≥ 0 α ≥ 0 ), we present a direct proof based on trace Sobolev inequalities and eigenfunction estimates. The case of negative parameters ( α > 0 α >0 ) requires novel analytical techniques to handle L ∞ L^∞ estimates of Robin eigenfunctions, addressing challenges not present in the non-negative case. Our result extends the classical Dirichlet and Neumann cases to the less-studied negative parameter regime.