Mycofumigation with Beneficial Yeasts: An Eco-Friendly Approach Against Postharvest Pathogens

Postharvest fungal diseases result in substantial crop losses, with disease severity often exacerbated by inadequate handling practices and unfavorable environmental conditions. Conventional fungicides have been widely employed; however, the frequent use has led to serious challenges, including the emergence of fungicide resistance and ecological concerns. Mycofumigation is a biocontrol approach that utilizes antimicrobial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by beneficial fungi, including yeasts, offering a promising, eco-friendly alternative. Fungal pathogens can be controlled even without direct contact between the biocontrol agent and the crop, making it suitable and feasible for postharvest applications. The review examines how yeast VOCs exert their antifungal effects at structural and genetic levels, categorizes the major classes of VOCs with demonstrated efficacy, and evaluates their application strategies, including both single-compound and composite formulations. Additionally, practical implementation of yeast-based mycofumigants was discussed, highlighting successful applications against important postharvest pathogens under controlled conditions.