ABSTRACT Collisions between mobile machines and pedestrians persist across worksites despite widespread use of camera monitor systems (CMS) that satisfy current design requirements. This signalizes a potential specification‐to‐reality gap and a lack of human‐centered, field‐relevant design criteria for visibility aids in mobile machinery. This study addresses this gap using cognitive work analysis to model generic mobile machine operations in construction sites. Focusing on work domain analysis (WDA), an abstraction hierarchy was developed from document reviews, field observations, and subject‐matter expert interviews ( n = 5), and validated in two workshops ( n = 12). The abstraction hierarchy reveals dense means‐ends coupling: CMS effectiveness is highly sensitive to real‐world degradations, operator workload, and task dynamics. Based on this model, we clarify the constraints shaping near‐field pedestrian detection within the machine's hazard envelope and translate those constraints into a taxonomy of risk factors aligned with ISO 6385 work‐system design principles. By making these constraints explicit and measurable, our approach identifies leverage points that yield actionable recommendations for improving CMS design and use. This work enables future hypothesis‐driven experiments under representative conditions, supports targeted design interventions and training, and motivates updates to standards and test practices so that CMS performance better reflects field realities to promote safety.
Qi et al. (Sat,) studied this question.