What question did this study set out to answer?

To analyze energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles in the U.S. across different technologies and timeframes.

Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment of Current (2021) and Future (2035) Technologies

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Lifecycle analysis assesses GHG emissions for U.S. vehicles, highlighting future technology implications.

To analyze energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles in the U.S. across different technologies and timeframes.
Conduct cradle-to-grave lifecycle analysis using the GREET model.
Evaluate current (2021) and future (2035) vehicle technologies.
Compare emissions reductions across battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
Battery electric vehicles show 10-60% GHG emissions reduction compared to diesel vehicles.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles offer 5-50% emissions reduction.
Weight-limited battery electric trucks have less emissions reduction per ton-mile due to battery weight impact.
Future advancements in technology can lead to significant emissions reductions across all powertrains.

Kelly et al. (2026) studied this question.

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