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February 17, 2026Immunological ReviewsOpen Access

How Does Biological Sex Impact Mucosal Bacterial Infection? Mucosal Defenses and Bacterial Detection

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Authors

LFLaura Ramirez FinnMIMolly A. Ingersoll

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Overview

Research explores how biological sex affects mucosal defenses and bacterial interactions, suggesting important implications for infection outcomes.

Key Points

  • This research investigates how biological sex affects mucosal defenses and bacterial infections in the urinary tract.
  • Examined sex differences in mucosal barriers and immune responses to bacterial infection.
  • Analyzed interactions between bacteria and mucosal epithelia in both sexes.
  • Explored the role of sex steroid hormone receptors in immune responses.
  • Identified significant disparities in urinary tract infection incidence between sexes.
  • Found variations in mucosal barrier properties linked to biological sex.
  • Demonstrated that transcription factor activation in response to bacteria may differ by sex.

Cite This Study

Finn et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6994058c4e9c9e835dfd686ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/imr.70112
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  4. 4A Controlled Trial of Intravaginal Estriol in Postmenopausal Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections1993 · 933 citations
  5. 5Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice2017 · 41 citations