Defining minimum expected competencies for orthopaedic surgery residency training in Chile: A national Delphi consensus

To establish a national consensus on the minimum expected competencies that orthopaedic surgery residents in Chile should achieve by the end of training, providing a foundation for competency-based curriculum development in comparable training contexts. A multicentre modified Delphi study was conducted involving academic leaders from orthopaedic residency programmes across Chile. An initial round of open-ended questions among programme directors generated draft competency statements, which were refined through two subsequent rounds using a 5-point Likert scale. Consensus was predefined as ≥ 80% agreement (ratings of 4 or 5) with an interquartile range ≤ 1. Competencies were organised into six ACGME core competencies and one CanMEDS role. Twenty-eight experts completed the final rounds. Consensus was achieved on 32 competency statements spanning patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, system-based practice, and scholar–research. Agreement was observed for non-procedural competencies and foundational surgical skills. In contrast, consensus was not reached regarding autonomy, even under supervision, for advanced surgical procedures, particularly arthroplasty and selected soft-tissue procedures. Qualitative feedback attributed disagreement to patient-safety considerations, procedural complexity, and differing views on the boundary between residency and fellowship-level competence. This national Delphi study establishes the first consensus-based definition of minimum expected competencies for orthopaedic surgery residency training in Chile. The resulting framework provides a shared reference aligned with international competency-based principles while remaining responsive to local training contexts, and is intended to inform educational development and accreditation discussions in similar training settings rather than mandate a uniform training model.