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February 21, 2026Psychology of sport and exercise0 citationsOpen Access

Influence of Visual Information on Anticipation of Soccer Penalty Kicks

The influence of low and high spatial frequency visual information on the anticipation of soccer penalty kicks

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Authors

JRJames W. RobertsKHKieran HarrisTUTom Upshaw

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Overview

Experiments investigate how visual information impacts penalty kick anticipation in soccer, suggesting unique cues help overcome deception.

Key Points

  • This research aims to understand how different visual information frequencies affect soccer kick anticipation.
  • Conducted two experiments with varying visual frequencies (low, high, unfiltered) for penalty kicks.
  • Experiment 1 used a lab-controlled setting with non-deceptive kicks from outfield players.
  • Experiment 2 involved remote online testing with both deceptive and non-deceptive kicks featuring goalkeepers.
  • Experiment 1 found no effect of visual condition on anticipation accuracy.
  • Experiment 2 showed a decline in anticipating deceptive kicks in the unfiltered condition.
  • LSF and HSF conditions maintained anticipation accuracy despite deception.

Cite This Study

Roberts et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69994a7f873532290d01ef04https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103092
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