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This article explores new definitions of mass and force in physical systems, suggesting implications for broader fields.
This article constitutes Part IV of Wang’s Perceptual Field Theory (WPFT), a modular theoretical framework proposing a perceptual-field-based ontology of physical reality. In this installment, the conventional notions of mass and force are reinterpreted. Mass is proposed not as an aggregate property of matter, but as an intrinsic “cooperative parameter” carried by each particle, representing its structural tendency toward resonance and integration. Force is redefined as the response that follows perceptual interaction within an energy field network. Gravitational attraction is analyzed as cooperative resonance rather than as an externally imposed force. The work further explores the structural relationship between freedom and cooperation across scales, extending the perceptual–response model to physical, biological, and social systems. This contribution situates mass, motion, and interaction within a unified perception-based ontological framework.
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Hui Wang (2026) studied this question.
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