Abstract Background: Tobacco smoking is one of the most important risk factors for oral pigmentation due to its influence on melanocyte stimulation. Gingival pigmentation is particularly common among smokers, and understanding this association has clinical and public health relevance. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the association of gingival pigmentation in patients aged above 18 years who are smokers and to classify pigmentation by extent and intensity using established indices. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 smokers aged ≥18 years attending the outpatient department at Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Gingival pigmentation was assessed using the Dummett–Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index and Ponnaiyan’s classification. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the distribution and severity of pigmentation. Results: Among 400 participants, 63% exhibited moderate to severe gingival pigmentation. Class II pigmentation (attached gingiva and interdental papilla) was most prevalent (38%). Increased duration and frequency of smoking were significantly associated with higher pigmentation scores. Conclusion: There is a significant association between tobacco smoking and gingival pigmentation. The extent and severity of pigmentation increase with smoking duration and frequency, highlighting the need for early interventions and cessation counseling.
Kavitake et al. (Tue,) studied this question.