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February 25, 2026Open Access

The impact of natural and urban environmental settings on exercise and perceptual responses during virtual reality-based exercise.

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Authors

EFEmanuel FestinoGTGavin D. TempestOPOlga Papale

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Overview

Evaluates exercise and perceptual responses in virtual reality environments, suggesting benefits of nature settings.

Key Points

  • This research aims to determine how natural and urban virtual environments affect exercise and psychological responses during cycling.
  • Twenty-three physically active young adults participated in three conditions: No VR, Nature VR, and Urban VR.
  • Participants completed 10 minutes of self-paced indoor cycling in each condition.
  • Exercise metrics such as power output, speed, heart rate, and perceived exertion were recorded.
  • Participants completed Flow State Scale and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale after each condition.
  • No significant differences were observed in exercise variables across conditions.
  • Nature VR participants reported higher Action-Awareness Merging, Loss of Self-Consciousness, and Unambiguous Feedback compared to No VR.
  • Both VR conditions had significantly higher Autotelic Experience and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale scores compared to No VR.

Cite This Study

Festino et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699e91fdf5123be5ed04fdfchttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758056
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Psychophysiological effects of traditional cycling, virtual reality-enhanced cycling, and passive virtual reality exposure in young adults: A controlled within-subject study2026
  2. 2Virtual Reality and Exercise: Impacts on Affective Responses, Ratings of Perceived Exertion, Attention, and Rowing Performance2026 · 1 citations
  3. 3Immersion and interaction during cycling in virtual reality: the influence on perceived effort and subjective experience2025
  4. 4Effect of Outdoor Cycling, Virtual and Enhanced Reality Indoor Cycling on Heart Rate, Motivation, Enjoyment and Intention to Perform Green Exercise in Healthy Adults2024 · 16 citations
  5. 5The Effects of Competition on Exercise Intensity and the User Experience of Exercise, during Virtual Reality Bicycling for Young Adults2024