The aim is to explore the conversion of waste streams into alternative proteins for food and feed.
Review of conversion technologies for alternative proteins
Comparison of safety and regulatory standards
Evaluation of organic waste utilization from microbes to insects
Analysis of near- and long-term pathways for sustainable practices.
Identified key technologies for protein production from waste streams
Highlighted safety regulations and challenges for alternative protein sources
Demonstrated the potential of microbes, fungi, and insects in protein sustainability.
Abstract
This review examines how waste streams are converted into food and feed proteins using microbes, algae, fungi, and insects, comparing technologies, safety, regulation, and near- and long-term pathways.