Risk and resilience in the red lights: a mini-review on sex worker lived experiences and mental health outcomes

Sex workers experience disproportionately high rates of depression, anxiety, PTSD, suicidality, dissociation, and substance use across global contexts. Sex work refers to the consensual exchange of sexual services, performances, or content for compensation; debates persist regarding the impact of coercion and constraint within sex work, particularly in relation to structural and economic pressures. This mini-review synthesizes research on the structural, social, and occupational determinants of sex workers’ mental health, emphasizing how legal frameworks, work venues, stigma, and interpersonal dynamics shape psychological outcomes. Sex work occurs across indoor, outdoor, and digital settings, with workers often moving fluidly between contexts; mental health risk consistently increases in criminalized environments and in settings characterized by reduced safety and autonomy. Drawing on Goffman’s stigma framework, the review examines external and internalized stigma as central mechanisms linking criminalization, discrimination, and healthcare avoidance to psychological distress, with compounded effects for LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC sex workers. Particular attention is given to masculine sexual entitlement as a proximal interpersonal stressor strongly predictive of PTSD symptoms. Across studies, violence exposure, poverty, early entry into sex work, and low workplace control are associated with elevated mental health burden, whereas peer and community networks function as robust protective factors that enhance safety, autonomy, and access to care. Implications include sex work-affirming, trauma-informed clinical care and community-partnered research.