Latest Advancements in Using Fe₃O₄@graphene Oxide Nanocatalyst for the Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes.

Reducing nitroarenes to aromatic amines is a valuable method in both industrial and synthetic organic chemistry for producing amine compounds. Recently, magnetite-based nanocatalysts have attracted attention as promising, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional noble-metal catalysts in this transformation. Magnetite nanoparticles, with their large surface area, strong catalytic performance, and inherent magnetic properties, enable easy separation and reuse, significantly supporting the sustainability of the process. Fe₃O₄@graphene oxide nanocatalysts are regarded as highly promising due to their straightforward synthesis, affordability, excellent superparamagnetic behavior, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Utilizing environmentally friendly reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or H₂, alongside these adaptable nanocatalysts, enables fast and selective transformation of nitroarenes under moderate reaction conditions. This study emphasizes the promise of Fe₃O₄@graphene oxide magnetic nanocatalysts as an economical, recyclable, and environmentally friendly catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes, offering a valuable approach toward a more sustainable chemical industry. This review provides an overview of the synthesis and applications of Fe₃O₄@graphene oxide magnetic nanocatalysts, highlighting their effectiveness and eco-friendliness in the hydrogenation of nitro compounds, with coverage extending through 2025.