The recent progress in the catalytic conversion of nitroarene into amino arene catalyzed by heterogeneous metal based nano catalyst

An overview of how heterogeneous metal-based nanocatalysts can hydrogenate nitroarenes to amino arenes has drawn a lot of interest because of its industrial significance as an intermediate in the production of plastics, as well as for the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and material sciences industries. Novel nanocatalysts, including noble (Pd, Pt, Au, Ru, Rh and Ag) and non-noble (Cu, Fe, Ni, Co and Mn) metal nanoparticles supported on carbonaceous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal oxides, have been used in recent years to improve catalytic efficiency, selectivity and sustainability. Bimetallic alloys, single-atom catalysts (SACs) and plasmonic nanomaterials are important advancements that allow for effective nitro reduction using hydrogen (H 2 ), hydrazine (N 2 H 2 ), sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) or photocatalysis in mild conditions. Depending on the type of catalyst, mechanistic details show different paths and environmentally friendly techniques including solvent-free reactions, electrochemical reduction, and magnetic recoverable catalysts support sustainable synthesis. Recent developments in heterogeneous metal-based nanocatalysts for nitroarene reduction are thoroughly compiled in this study, which emphasizes the critical transformation from noble to non-noble metal systems that provide more affordable and environmentally friendly alternatives. Despite advancements, issues with scalability, cost containment, and long-term stability still exist. This review also offers a roadmap for further study in this ground-breaking subject by highlighting current advances in nanocatalyst engineering, reaction mechanisms and upcoming tactics.