Metabolic signatures of the integrated profile of cardiovascular autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory fitness in apparently healthy individuals

Figures

• 

  FIGURE 1. Loading Plot: This plot highlights the variables included in the PCA (diamonds) and their respective importance. The variables that are farther away from the center are more important in explaining the variance of the data in the respective PCs. Score Plot: Shows the scores generated for each individual analyzed in the PCA (circles) based on the values of all the variables and their importance in the analyzed PCs. Note that variables represented in quadrant A (loading plot) have higher values in individuals located in quadrant A (score plot), variables represented in quadrant B (loading plot) have higher values in individuals located in quadrant B (score plot), and so on (Fávero & Belfiore, 2017). The quadrants of the score plot were considered groups, and each individual's scores were used in subsequent analyses. PC, principal component; PCA, principal component analysis.

• 

  FIGURE 2. Loading and score plots generated by PCA for both sexes. Loading plot: The farther a variable is from the center (value 0), the more important it was to the variability of the corresponding PCs. Score plot: The farther the score is from the center (value 0), the more important the variables in the same quadrant (in the loading plot) were in determining the score value. 0V, No variation; 1V, One variation; 2LV, Two like variations; 2UV, Two unlike variations; αseq, Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS); GA, Group A; GB, Group B; GC, Group C; GD, Group D; HF, high frequency band; HFnu, HF in normalized unites; HP, heart period; LF, low frequency band; LFnu, LF in normalized unites; PC, principal component; PCA, principal component analysis; SAP, systolic arterial pressure; SE, Shannon entropy; SEQ, percentage of HP‐SAP patterns of baroreflex origin; V̇O2PEAK, peak oxygen consumption.

• 

  FIGURE 3. Serum sebacic acid and ornithine in female and male individuals, respectively. Data presented as mean and standard deviation. GA, Group A; GB, Group B; GC, Group C; GD, Group D. One‐way ANOVA with Sidak's post hoc test controlled for age and p < 0.01.

• 

  FIGURE 4. Significant partial correlations (controlled by the covariates age and BMI) were observed between serum levels of choline, betaine, and N,N‐dimethylglycine, with the scores obtained in PC1, for females. Negative PC1 values indicate a predominance of CSM, while positive values indicate a predominance of CPM, as well as greater complexity of cardiovascular control, BRS, and CRF (see Table 3). BMI, body mass index; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; CPM, cardiac parasympathetic modulation; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; CSM, cardiovascular sympathetic modulation; PC, principal component. p < 0.01.

• 

  FIGURE 5. Significant partial correlations (controlled by the covariates age and BMI) were observed between serum levels of glucose and sarcosine, with the scores obtained in PC1, for males. Negative PC1 values indicate a predominance of CSM, while positive values indicate a predominance of CPM, as well as greater complexity of cardiovascular control, BRS, and CRF (see Table 3). BMI, body mass index; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; CPM, cardiac parasympathetic modulation; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; CSM, cardiovascular sympathetic modulation; PC, principal component. p < 0.01.