Deep Cement Mixing in Geotechnical Engineering: Applications, Developments, and Emerging Trends

Deep cement mixing (DCM) is an established ground improvement technique in geotechnical engineering, especially for enhancing the mechanical properties of soft soils. Its versatility has enabled successful applications in diverse construction projects worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the latest developments in DCM, encompassing its design principles, construction methodologies and engineering applications. The design section covers essential considerations and methods, including stability and bearing capacity of the DCM columns. The construction section examines various methods and equipment used for DCM implementation, showcasing the technique’s versatility and adaptability in different scenarios. The engineering applications section presents several case studies, quality control and performance monitoring. Additionally, this paper reviews recent progress in experimental model testing and numerical modeling techniques, providing insights into future developments and optimization of this essential geotechnical engineering technique.