Energy, Economic, and Environmental (3E) Analysis of Green Hydrogen Production Based on Biogas Steam Reforming

Green hydrogen production from biogas offers a renewable, low-carbon alternative to fossil-based methods. This study combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD), process flow modeling, and life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the energy, economic, and environmental (3E) performance of biogas-based hydrogen production. A validated 3D multiscale CFD model of a multitubular reforming reactor was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics to assess performance under varying CO2 concentrations, operating pressures, catalyst degradation, and burner placements. Optimal results were achieved at high pressure with side-fired burners, and the reactor demonstrated flexibility in handling different biogas compositions. The catalyst degradation significantly impacts the economic performance of the hydrogen production process, resulting in increased specific O&M costs and a notable rise in the LCOH. Key reactor parameters informed a process model for 150 MW thermal output across four scenarios (biogas/natural gas, with/without carbon capture). LCA showed that biogas cases, especially with carbon capture, yielded high energy efficiency and negative emissions. Overall, the study demonstrates that biogas steam reforming is a promising pathway for sustainable green hydrogen production with reduced environmental impact.