Key result
Extended OGTT identifies early glycemic phenotypes missed by standard testing in ~34% of PCOS patients.
Why the study?
The study aimed to investigate the efficacy of an extended oral glucose tolerance test incorporating 1- and 3-h time points in detecting early, heterogeneous glycemic phenotypes in PCOS.
Does an extended oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) incorporating 1- and 3-h time points detect early, heterogeneous glycemic phenotypes in treatment-naive patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Cross-Sectional (n=103)
No
Does an extended oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) incorporating 1- and 3-h time points detect early, heterogeneous glycemic phenotypes in treatment-naive patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Extending the OGTT to 3 hours in women with PCOS unmasks distinct early glycemic phenotypes, including an isolated 3-hour elevation associated with central adiposity and hyperandrogenism, which are missed by standard 2-hour criteria.
May justify extended OGTT in PCOS evaluation; leaves open prognostic value of isolated 1- and 3-h phenotypes.
Objective: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of an extended oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) incorporating 1- and 3-h time points in detecting early, heterogeneous glycemic phenotypes in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 103 treatment-naive patients with PCOS underwent a 75-g OGTT with measurements of glucose and insulin taken at 0, 1, 2, and 3 h. Participants were stratified into four groups: normal control, isolated 1-h glucose elevation (1-h plasma glucose [PG] ≥ 8.6 mmol/L), isolated 3-h glucose elevation (3-h PG > 6.1 mmol/L), and dysglycemia defined by conventional criteria. Comprehensive metabolic and endocrine profiles were evaluated and compared. Results: Two distinct early glycemic phenotypes were identified: isolated 1-h glucose elevation (13.6%, 14/103) and isolated 3-h glucose elevation (20.4%, 21/103). The isolated 3-h elevation group exhibited an intermediate phenotype characterized by significant central adiposity, hyperandrogenism, and menstrual irregularities, despite systemic insulin resistance (IR) levels comparable to those of the normoglycemic group. Conversely, the isolated 1-h elevation group exhibited transient hyperinsulinemic hyperglycemia and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Both phenotypes were undetected by standard glycemic criteria. Conclusion: An extended OGTT reveals two prevalent yet distinct early glycemic phenotypes in PCOS, suggesting heterogeneous pathophysiological pathways that may inform dynamic, phenotype-stratified assessment for risk stratification and targeted intervention. However, clinical implementation requires validation through prospective studies.
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Wang et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Adult women with newly diagnosed, treatment-naive polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (n=103). Extended 75-g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) with glucose and insulin measurements at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours vs. Standard glycemic criteria based on fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postprandial glucose was evaluated on Identification of early glycemic phenotypes in PCOS by extended OGTT including 1-h and 3-h post-load glucose measurements. Extended OGTT revealed two distinct early glycemic phenotypes in PCOS: isolated 3-h glucose elevation in 20.4% and isolated 1-h glucose elevation in 13.6% of patients, both missed by standard glycemic criteria.
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