Methodological Assessment and Clinical Outcome Evaluation of Municipal Water Systems in Uganda Using Difference-in-Differences Models

Water scarcity is a significant challenge in Uganda, particularly affecting municipal water systems' effectiveness. Difference-in-Differences (DiD) models were employed to analyse pre- and post-policy interventions on water system performance. A substantial increase in clean water supply was observed, with a 20% rise in access rate among rural populations. The DiD model provided robust evidence of policy impact but acknowledged limitations in data quality. Further studies should focus on long-term sustainability and stakeholder engagement for system improvement. Difference-in-Differences, Municipal Water Systems, Clinical Outcomes, Uganda Model estimation used θ̂=argminθ∑ᵢ(yᵢ,f_θ(xᵢ))+λθ₂², with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.