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This framework reveals complexity limits in ocean worlds, highlighting their potential as stable cosmic systems.
Ocean worlds — including subsurface ocean moons and Hycean-type exoplanets — represent a special class of planetary systems with exceptional thermodynamic longevity. Within Global Complexity Stability Theory (GCST) and Optimal System Dynamics (OSD v1.2), such worlds can be viewed as large-scale dissipative structures capable of sustaining complex self-organizing processes over extremely long timescales. The dynamics of instability are governed by the field equation: ∂Ψ/∂t = D ∇² Ψ + C α − γ Ψ with stability condition γ / (α C) > 1. Ocean planets operate in the deeply stable regime α ≪ 1, γ ≫ 1, making them natural attractors of long-lived complexity. Extending GCST to galactic and cosmological scales reveals hierarchical bounds on complexity: C_max ∝ γ / α at each level. A unified scale-invariant GCST equation emerges, while the variational principle, entropy law, evolution law, phase transitions, and information principle complete a self-consistent theoretical framework for the emergence and limits of complexity across cosmic scales.
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Roman Lukin (2026) studied this question.
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