Analysis compares selective and routine intraoperative cholangiography effectiveness in laparoscopic cholecystectomies, highlighting training needs.
Selective use of IOC appears to be a safe and effective strategy with comparable BDI and residual CBD stone rates, compared with routine IOC. However, as selective IOC was associated with a lower success rate of IOC, surgical training for its performance should not be neglected.
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Principe et al. (2026) studied this question.
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